Heat is the leading cause of death among all hazardous weather conditions in the United States.  According to statistics, heat related deaths have been increasing in the United States over the last few years with 2,302 reported in 2023. Extreme heat is defined as summertime temperatures that are much hotter and/or humid than average, and right now we are in the midst of the dog days of summer with some areas experiencing extreme heat events.  Unfortunately, with the heat comes the risk of heat related illnesses or injury.

Risk of Heat-Related Illness

Older adults, the very young, and people with mental illnesses or chronic diseases are at highest risk to develop heat related illnesses and injuries.  Older adults do not adjust to sudden changes in temperature, are more likely to have chronic conditions that alter their responses to heat, and may take medications that affect the body’s ability to control its temperature or sweat. Older adults may not drink adequate amounts of fluids which can predispose them to the risk for dehydration which can increase their risk for heat illnesses and other health related issues. Decreases in body fat due to the aging process can make it harder for older adults to stay warm and thus they may layer on clothing not realizing the danger of added heat during hot days. Aging also decreases the body’s ability to sweat making it difficult to tell when overheating is occurring.

Types of Heat-Related Illnesses

Heat Cramps

Heat cramps are the mildest form of heat-related illness. They involve painful muscle spasms or cramps, usually in the legs, arms, or abdomen. These cramps typically occur during or after intense physical activity in hot environments due to the loss of electrolytes and fluids through sweating.

Symptoms include:

• Muscle spasms or cramps
• Heavy sweating

First aid treatment includes:

• Rest in a cool place
• Drink water or an electrolyte solution
• Stretch and gently massage the affected muscles

Heat Exhaustion

Heat exhaustion is more severe than heat cramps and results from prolonged exposure to high temperatures, especially when combined with high humidity and strenuous physical activity. This condition occurs when the body loses an excessive amount of water and salt through sweating.

Symptoms include:

• Heavy sweating
• Weakness
• Dizziness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Headache
• Fainting

First aid treatment includes:

• Move to a cooler environment immediately
• Lie down and loosen clothing
• Apply cool, wet cloths or take a cool shower
• Sip water slowly
• Seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen within an hour

Heat Stroke

Heat stroke is the most severe form of heat-related illness and can be life-threatening. It occurs when the body’s temperature regulation system fails, and body temperature rises to 104°F (40°C) or higher. Immediate medical attention is crucial for heat stroke.

Symptoms include:

• High body temperature (104°F or higher)
• Hot, dry skin or profuse sweating
• Rapid pulse
• Throbbing headache
• Confusion or disorientation
• Seizures
• Loss of consciousness

First aid treatment includes:

• Call 911 immediately
• Move the person to a cooler environment
• Use any available means to cool the person down (cool bath, wet cloths, ice packs)
• Do not give the person anything to drink if they are unconscious or confused

Preventing heat-related illness

Stay Hydrated

Maintaining adequate hydration is crucial in preventing heat-related illnesses. Drink plenty of water throughout the day, even if you do not feel thirsty. Water is the best option, but sports drinks can also be beneficial as they replenish electrolytes lost through sweating. Avoid beverages that can dehydrate the body, such as alcohol and caffeinated drinks.

Wear Appropriate Clothing

Dressing appropriately for hot weather can help regulate body temperature. Choose lightweight, light-colored, and loose-fitting clothing. Light colors reflect sunlight, while loose-fitting garments allow for better air circulation. Additionally, wearing a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses can protect you from direct sun exposure.

Limit Sun Exposure

To reduce the risk of heat-related illnesses, minimize your exposure to the sun, especially during peak heat hours from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. If you need to be outdoors, take frequent breaks in shaded or cool areas. Use sunscreen with a high SPF to protect your skin from sunburn, which can further impede the body’s ability to cool itself.

Take Breaks

If you are working or exercising in hot conditions, schedule regular breaks in a cool or shaded area. Gradually acclimate to hot environments over a week or more, allowing your body to adjust to the temperature changes. Listen to your body and stop all activities if you start feeling overheated.

Use Fans and Air Conditioning

Spending time in air-conditioned places can significantly reduce the risk of heat-related illnesses. If air conditioning is unavailable, use fans to circulate air. However, in extremely hot conditions, fans may not be sufficient to prevent heat-related illnesses, so seek out air-conditioned environments whenever possible.

Monitor Weather Conditions

Stay informed about local weather conditions, heat advisories, and warnings. Plan outdoor activities during cooler parts of the day, such as early morning or late evening. Adjust your plans based on the weather forecast to minimize heat exposure.

Know the Signs

Educate yourself and others about the signs and symptoms of heat-related illnesses and what to do in an emergency. Early recognition and prompt treatment can prevent severe complications and save lives. A quick tip-sheet for your facility is available from the CDC here.

The Compliance Store Can Help!

Heat-related illnesses are preventable with the right knowledge and precautions.  For those that are at a higher risk for developing heat-related illnesses, this is especially crucial.  It should be part of any facility’s emergency preparedness plan to ensure that the proper steps are taken to address and offset any potential complications or issues that could arise from the effects of extreme heat.

Here at The Compliance Store, we offer resources that address extreme heat and other emergent situations that you could encounter and should be ready for in case they happen. We invite you to discover what we have to offer to ensure compliance and safety. Contact us online or call us at 877-582-7347 to learn more.